A Statistical Approach to Evaluating the Influence of Paving Block Thickness and Sand Bedding on Surface Deflection

Tommy Iduwin; Sigit Pranowo Hadiwardoyo; Riana Herlina Lumingkewas; Andri Irfan Rifai; Silvanus Nohan Rudrokasworo

doi:10.46604/peti.2026.15587

Authors

Tommy Iduwin Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Sigit Pranowo Hadiwardoyo Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Riana Herlina Lumingkewas Civil Engineering Study Program, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
Andri Irfan Rifai Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Internasional Batam, Batam, Indonesia
Silvanus Nohan Rudrokasworo Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46604/peti.2026.15587

Keywords:

deflection, sand bedding, thickness, concrete, road surface

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the structural behavior of concrete paving block (CPB) road surfaces. A statistical approach was used to analyze surface deflection using a light weight deflectometer (LWD). To assess the statistical significance of each factor’s influence, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. To analyze the relationships between variables, correlation and linear regression analyses were performed. The results show that increasing the thickness of the CPB and sand bedding significantly reduces deflection, while greater deflection occurs with higher loads. As the thickness of the CPB and sand bedding increased, the measured deflection decreased from 0.446 mm to 0.259 mm. Correlation analysis shows a negative correlation between deflection and thickness or strength, and a positive correlation with load. ANOVA analysis confirms that all of the variables significantly affect deflection. The regression equation that includes all of the variables and uses load as a multiplication factor is the most accurate.

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