Enhanced Design of On-Chip Monopole Antenna Inspired by Partially Reflective Surface at 5.8 GHz

Ahmadu Girgiri; Mohd Fadzil Ain; Mohd Zamir Bin Pakhuruddin; Bello Abdullahi Muhammad; Abdullahi Sarkin Bauchi Mohammed

doi:10.46604/aiti.2024.14048

Authors

Ahmadu Girgiri School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-8849
Mohd Fadzil Ain School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
Mohd Zamir Bin Pakhuruddin School of Physic, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Bello Abdullahi Muhammad School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
Abdullahi Sarkin Bauchi Mohammed School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46604/aiti.2024.14048

Keywords:

on-chip antenna, gain, partially reflective surface, radiation efficiency, silicon substrate

Abstract

The increasing popularity of compact, chip-based devices has spurred interest in developing on-chip antennas (OCAs). However, OCAs suffer from low gain and poor radiation efficiency due to the silicon substrate’s low resistivity and high permittivity, influencing antenna performance. To avert these challenges, this study aims to enhance an OCA’s gain and radiation efficiency by incorporating a partially reflective surface (PRS) into the antenna structure. The antenna is simulated using 3D CST software, and its performance is evaluated. To validate the simulation, an antenna prototype is fabricated using sputtering and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies. The prototype demonstrates a peak gain of 2.14 dB and radiation efficiency of 72.2%, showing a 24.3% gain increase and a 16.25% efficiency increase compared to the design without PRS. Additionally, it achieves an impedance bandwidth of 0.63 GHz, making it suitable for WiMAX, RFIC, and Wi-Fi 6 applications.

References

Q. H. Abbasi, S. F. Jilani, A. Alomainy, and M. A. Imran, Antennas and Propagation for 5G and Beyond, Herts, United Kingdom: The Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 123-155, 2020.

R. Karim, A. Iftikhar, B. Ijaz, and I. Ben Mabrouk, “The Potentials, Challenges, and Future Directions of On-Chip-Antennas for Emerging Wireless Applications—A Comprehensive Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 173897-173934, 2019.

M. A. Rossi, “The Advent of 5G and the Non-Discrimination Principle,” Telecommunications Policy, vol. 46, no. 4, article no. 102279, May 2022.

H. M. Cheema and A. Shamim, “The Last Barrier: On-Chip Antennas,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 79-91, January-February 2013.

N. O. Parchin, M. Alibakhshikenari, H. J. Basherlou, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, J. Rodriguez, and E. Limiti, “MM-Wave Phased Array Quasi-Yagi Antenna for the Upcoming 5G Cellular Communications,” Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 5, article no. 978, March 2019.

W. A. Ahmad, M. Kucharski, A. Di Serio, H. J. Ng, C. Waldschmidt, and D. Kissinger, “Planar Highly Efficient High-Gain 165 GHz On-Chip Antennas for Integrated Radar Sensors,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 2429-2433, November 2019.

Y. P. Zhang and D. Liu, “Antenna-on-Chip and Antenna-in-Package Solutions to Highly Integrated Millimeter-Wave Devices for Wireless Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2830-2841, October 2009.

B. Sene, D. Reiter, H. Knapp, and N. Pohl, “Design of a Cost-Efficient Monostatic Radar Sensor With Antenna on Chip and Lens in Package,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 502-512, January 2022.

Y. Zhang, “Antenna-in-Package (AiP) Technology,” Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 18-20, April 2022.

R. Karim, A. Iftikhar, and R. Ramzan, “Performance-Issues-Mitigation-Techniques for On-Chip-Antennas – Recent Developments in RF, MM-Wave, and Thz Bands With Future Directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 219577-219610, 2020.

M. R. Karim, X. Yang, and M. F. Shafique, “On-Chip Antenna Measurement: A Survey of Challenges and Recent Trends,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 20320-20333, 2018.

Q. Liu, A. J. van den Biggelaar, U. Johannsen, M. C. van Beurden, and A. B. Smolders, “On-Chip Metal Tiling for Improving Grounded MM-Wave Antenna-On-Chip Performance in Standard Low-Cost Packaging,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 2638-2645, April 2020.

D. Bean and J. Venkataraman, “Gain Enhancement of On-Chip Antenna at 60 GHz Using an Artificial Magnetic Conductor,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting, pp. 1423-1424, July 2020.

H. T. Huang, B. Yuan, X. H. Zhang, Z. F. Hu, and G. Q. Luo, “A Circular Ring-Shape Monopole On-Chip Antenna With Artificial Magnetic Conductor,” Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 1-3, December 2015.

M. Nafe, A. Syed, and A. Shamim, “Gain-Enhanced On-Chip Folded Dipole Antenna Utilizing Artificial Magnetic Conductor at 94 GHz,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 2844-2847, 2017.

K. Okabe, W. Lee, Y. Harada, and M. Ishida, “Silicon Based On-Chip Antenna Using an LC Resonator for Near-Field RF Systems,” Solid-State Electronics, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 100-104, January 2012.

H. Singh and S. K. Mandal, “Miniaturized On-Chip Meandered Loop Antenna With Improved Gain Using Partially Shield Layer,” 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-4, March 2020.

S. Kong, K. M. Shum, C. Yang, L. Gao and C. H. Chan, “Wide Impedance-Bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth Terahertz On-Chip Antenna With Chip-Integrated Dielectric Resonator,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 4269-4278, August 2021.

C. C. Liu and R. G. Rojas, “V-Band Integrated On-Chip Antenna Implemented With a Partially Reflective Surface in Standard 0.13- μm BiCMOS Technology,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 5102-5109, December 2016.

A. V. Mamishev, K. Sundara-Rajan, F. Yang, Y. Du, and M. Zahn, “Interdigital Sensors and Transducers,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 808-845, May 2004.

R. K. Kushwaha, P. Karuppanan, and R. K. Dewang, “Design of a SIW On-Chip Antenna Using 0.18-μm CMOS Process Technology at 0.4 THz,” Optik, vol. 223, article no. 165509, December 2020.

J. J. Lin, H. T. Wu, Y. Su, L. Gao, A. Sugavanam, J. E. Brewer, et al., “Communication Using Antennas Fabricated in Silicon Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1678-1687, August 2007.

S. Peddakrishna, L. Wang, V. Kollipara, and J. Kumar, “Compact Circularly Polarized Monopole Antenna Using Characteristic Mode Analysis,” Proceedings of Engineering and Technology Innovation, vol. 24, pp. 1-14, April 2023.

A. P. Feresidis, G. Goussetis, S. Wang, and J. C. Vardaxoglou, “Artificial Magnetic Conductor Surfaces and Their Application to Low-Profile High-Gain Planar Antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 209-215, January 2005.

A. H. A. Razak, M. I. A. Shamsuddin, M. F. M. Idros, A. K. Halim, A. Ahmad, and S. A. M. Al Junid, “Design of 5.8 GHz Integrated Antenna on 180nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Technology,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 341, article no. 012015, 2018.

A. Ray, A. De, and T. K. Bhattacharyya, “A Package-Cognizant CMOS On-Chip Antenna for 2.4 GHz Free-Space and Implantable Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 7355-7363, November 2021.

E. Charlot, M. Hamada, and T. Kuroda, “An On-Chip Antenna With an Area of 0.9 Square Millimeters for RFID Applications in the 5.8 GHz – 24 GHz Range,” International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 41-42, January 2021.

A. Girgiri, M. F. Ain, B. A. Muhammad, and A. S. Mohammed, “Design of Miniaturized Folded Dipole Integrated On-Chip Antenna for 5.8GHz Application,” IEEE International Symposium On Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1-2, October-November 2023.

S. Archana and M. Bhaskar, “An Integrated 2.4 GHz Inductorless Power Amplifier and On-Chip Two Turn Folded Loop Antenna for Biotelemetry Applications,” 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, pp. 1-6, July 2023.