Optimization of Flyash and Metakaolin Content in Mineral Based CFRP Retrofit for Improved Sustainability

Authors

  • Raghavendra Vasudeva Upadhyaya School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
  • Thuraichamy Guganesan Suntharavadivel School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia

Keywords:

rehabilitation, sustainability, MBC, epoxy, temperature, FRP retrofit, flyash, metakaolin

Abstract

The significance of rehabilitating deteriorated concrete structures subjected to inflated traffic volume, unprecedented live loads, structural ageing and other environmental impacts has been garnering attention in the recent years. Amidst a few conventional retrofit techniques, the application of externally bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) remains contemporary. It is a noteworthy reformation technique because of its durability, augmented mechanical performance and long-term cost-effectiveness. Epoxy resin is classified as a hazardous polymer (as per Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals – GHS) and it has been the most sought bonding fix for several FRP retrofit approaches. Scientific and literature evidence demonstrate the health and environmental impacts concerned with the use of this noxious resin. The primary objective of this project is to optimize the mix proportion of a recently developed Mineral Based Composite (MBC) bonder by inducing varying amounts of industrial by-products such as fly ash and metakaolin. It was observed that a certain degree of this replacement resulted in achieving a higher degree of sustainability as the event-grade bonder could potentially eliminate the use of epoxy in FRP reformation. Experimental investigation as per Australian Standards AS 1012.1:2014 established the relation between brittle epoxy failure and thus rendering the up surged bonding capacity of MBC in extreme conditions proving as the desired substitute for epoxy resin. The investigative results obtained portray a suitable base for evaluating the optimal mix design proportion of the mineral composite bonder.

References

Z. Riahi and F. Faridafshin, “Seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete bridges with fiber reinforced polymer composites: state-of-the-art,”The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Oct. 2008, pp. 1-12.

C. E. Bakis, L. C. Bank, V. Brown, E. Cosenza, J. Davalos, and J. Lesko, “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction-state-of-the-art review,” Journal of composites for construction, vol. 6, pp. 73-87, 2002.

K. Orosz, T. Blanksvärd, B. Täljsten, and G. Fischer, “From material level to structural use of mineral-based composites: an overview,” Advances in Civil Engineering / Hindawi, vol. 2010, 2010.

T. Blanksvärd, B. Täljsten, and A. Carolin, “Shear strengthening of concrete structures with the use of mineral-based composites,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 13, pp. 25-34, 2009.

M. Mahal, T. Blanksvärd, and B. Täljsten, “Examination at a material and structural level of the fatigue life of beams strengthened with mineral or epoxy bonded FRPs: the state of the art,” Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 1311-1327, 2013.

V. U. Raghavendra and T. G. Suntharavadivel, “Bonding behaviour of epoxy resin over mineral composite in FRP retrofit,” International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, vol. 9, pp. 362-371, 2018.

S. Hashemi and R. Al-Mahaidi, “Experimental and finite element analysis of flexural behaviour of FRP-strengthened RC beams using cement-based adhesives,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 26, pp. 268-273, 2010

X. Wang, Y. Hu, L. Song, W. Xing, H. Lu, and P. Lv, et al., “Flame retardancy and thermal degradation mechanism of epoxy resin composites based on a DOPO substituted organophosphorus oligomer,” Polymer, vol. 51, pp. 2435-2445, 2010.

D. Lithner, A. Larsson, and G. Dave, “Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 409, pp. 3309-3324, 2011.

A. Prodi, F. Rui, A. B. Fortina, M. T. Corradin, and F. L. Filon, “Occupational sensitization to epoxy resins in Northeastern Italy (1996-2010),” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol. 21, pp. 82, 2015.

R. E. Eckardt, “Occupational and environmental health hazards in the plastics industry,” Environmental health perspectives, vol. 17, pp. 103-106, 1976.

E. M. Bezerra, A. P. Joaquim, H. Savastano, V. M. John, and V. Agopyan, “The effect of different mineral additions and synthetic fiber contents on properties of cement-based composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 28, pp. 555-563, 2006.

C. Raffaele, P. Andrea, B. Alberto, M. Costantino, A. Domenico, R. Giuseppina, C. Francesco, F. Claudio, and M. Gaetano, “Application-oriented chemical optimization of a metakaolin based geopolymer,” Materials, vol. 6, pp. 1920-1939, 2013.

C. K. Yip, J. L. Provis, G. C. Lukey, and J. S. J. van Deventer, “Carbonate mineral addition to metakaolin-based geopolymers,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 30, pp. 979-985, 2008.

J. Marcel, R. Pavel, H. Ondřej, K. Jaroslava, and K. Petr, “Residual properties of fiber-reinforced refractory composites with a fireclay filler,” Acta Polytechnica, vol. 56, pp. 27-32, 2016.

X. Y. Zhuang, L. Chen, S. Komarneni, C. H. Zhou, D. S. Tong, and H. M. Yang, “Fly ash-based geopolymer: clean production, properties, and applications,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 125, pp. 253-267, 2016.

H. Thomas Adams, “2017 Production and use survey results news release,” American Coal Ash Association, https://www.acaa-usa.org/Portals/9/Files/PDFs/Coal-Ash-Production-and-Use-2017.pdf, November 13, 2018.

J. Yin, S. Zhou, Y. Xie, Y. Chen, and Q. Yan, “Investigation on compounding and application of C80-C100 high-performance concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 32, pp. 173-177, 2002.

M. R. Wang, D. C. Jia, P. G. He, and Y. Zhou, “Microstructural and mechanical characterization of fly ash cenosphere/metakaolin-based geopolymeric composites,” Ceramics International, vol. 37, pp. 1661-1666, 2011.

L. Baoyi, D. Yuping, and L. Shunhua, “The electromagnetic characteristics of fly ash and absorbing properties of cement-based composites using fly ash as cement replacement. (Technical report),” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 27, pp. 184-188, 2012.

A. Al-Abdwais, “Bond properties between carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) textile and concrete using modified cement-based adhesive,” Construction & building materials, vol. 154, pp. 983-992, 2017.

R. A. Hawileh, A. Abu-Obeidah, J. A. Abdalla, and A. Al-Tamimi, “Temperature effect on the mechanical properties of carbon, glass, and carbon–glass FRP laminates,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 75, pp. 342-348, 2015.

P. Shubham and S. K. Tiwari, “Effect of fly ash concentration and its surface modification on fiber reinforced epoxy composite’s mechanical properties,” International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, vol. 4, pp. 1173-1180, 2013.

M. S. Morsy, Y. Al-Salloum, T. Almusallam, and H. Abbas, “Effect of nano-metakaolin addition on the hydration characteristics of fly ash blended cement mortar,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 116, pp. 845-852, 2014.

T. L. Weng, W. T. Lin, and A. Cheng, “Effect of metakaolin on strength and efflorescence quantity of cement-based composites,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, 2013.

V. Sahu, A. Srivastava, and V. Gayathri, “Effect of lime and gypsum on engineering properties of Badarpur fly ash,” International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 294-304, Sep. 2016.

H. Alanazi, M. Yang, D. Zhang, and Z. Gao, “Bond strength of PCC pavement repairs using metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 65, pp. 75-82, 2016.

Downloads

Published

2019-05-20

How to Cite

[1]
R. Vasudeva Upadhyaya and T. G. Suntharavadivel, “Optimization of Flyash and Metakaolin Content in Mineral Based CFRP Retrofit for Improved Sustainability”, Int. j. eng. technol. innov., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 171–181, May 2019.

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 3 (2019)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright Notice

 

Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication. Authors can retain copyright in their articles with no restrictions. Also, author can post the final, peer-reviewed manuscript version (postprint) to any repository or website.

 

 

Since Jan. 01, 2019, IJETI will publish new articles with Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

The Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) License permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.