Self-Recovering Crosslinked Natural Rubber Sensors for Vascular Simulation in Wireless Electro-Syringe Injection

Korn Taksapattanakul; Panisara Wanmahamart

doi:10.46604/peti.2026.16290

Authors

Korn Taksapattanakul Faculty of Science and Technology, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat Province, Thailand
Panisara Wanmahamart Faculty of Science and Technology, PNU Wittayanusorn School, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat Province, Thailand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46604/peti.2026.16290

Keywords:

natural rubber vulcanization, self-recovering crosslinked network, vascular simulation sensor, injection training device, Fick’s second law

Abstract

Safe injection technique is recognized as a critical competency in medical training, yet access to realistic and affordable simulators remains limited. This study aims to develop a wireless electro-syringe system that incorporates a self-recovering crosslinked natural rubber sensor for vascular tissue response. The sensor is fabricated from natural rubber latex via controlled sulfur vulcanization, enabling autonomous structural recovery after repeated needle penetrations. A closed-circuit detection system delivers immediate feedback upon overpenetration, providing real-time performance guidance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirms a reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds and the formation of carbon-sulfur crosslinks. Increasing vulcanization temperature and curing time enhances crosslinking density and improves mechanical performance and self-recovery properties. Diffusion analysis confirms Fickian behavior (n ≈ 0.5) with an activation energy of 31.244 kJ·mol^-1. The elastic modulus gradually recovers after disruption, suggesting effective network reformation. Overall, this work provides a low-cost, reusable, and mechanically realistic solution for injection training.

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