Parametric Study of the Load Carrying Capacity of Functionally Graded Concrete of Flexural Members
Abstract
Steel reinforced concrete members in bending acquire their load carrying capacity from the integration between concrete compression and steel tensile strength. The codes neglect the concrete tensile capacity since it is relatively small compared to the compressive strength. Hypothetically, if a low concrete strength is assigned to the layers in tension, it leads to economical and environmental advantages. A method for producing functionally graded concrete (FGC) having a gradation in compressive strength and stiffness throughout the depth of a member was developed. Uniaxial compression tests on cylindrical FGC specimens were conducted and verified numerically using finite element models. We suggest that the compressive strength of FGC approaches the lower grade concrete layers while the stiffness properties follow the higher grade concrete layers. This potential could be exploited for the flexural member, through optimising of material use while improving the serviceability of the memberReferences
S. Amada, Y. Ichikawa, T. Munakata, Y. Nagase and H. Shimizu H., “Fiber texture and mechanical graded structures of
bamboo,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 13-20, 1997.
E. C. N. Silva, M. C. Walters and G. H. Paulino, “Modeling bamboo as a functionally graded material: lessons for
analysis of affordable material,“ Journal of Material Science, vol. 41, no. 21, pp. 6991-7004, 2006.
K.Ghavami, C. S. Rodrigues and S. Paciornik, “Bamboo: Functionally graded composite material,” Asian Journal of
Civil Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2015.
P. Stroeven and J. Hu, “Gradient structures in cementitious materials,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 29, no. 4,
pp. 313-323, 2007.
A. Hidayat, Purwanto, J. Puspowardojo and F. A. Aziz, “The influence of graded concrete strength on concrete element,”
Procedia Engineering, vol. 125, pp. 1023-1029, 2015.
Y. Chen, L. J. Struble and G. H. Paulino, “Fabrication of functionally graded-cellular structures on cement-based
materials by co-extrusion,” Conference Proceedings of American Institute of Physics, Multiscale and Functionally
Graded Materials, pp. 532-537, 2006.
B. Shen, M. H. Hubler, G. H. Paulino and L. J. Struble, “Functionally-graded fiber-reinforced cement composite:
Processing, microstructure, and properties,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 30, pp. 663-673, 2008.
K. M. Park, G. H. Paulino and J. Roesler, “Cohesive fracture model for functionally graded fiber reinforced concrete,”
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 956-965, 2010.
M. Mastali, Z. Abdollahnejad, M. G. Naghibdehi and M. K. Sharbatdar, “Numerical evaluations of functionally graded
RC slabs,” Chinese Journal of Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 1-20, 2014.
C. M. R. Dias, H. Savastano Jr. and V. M. John, “Exploring the potential of functionally graded materials concept for
the development of fiber cement,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, pp. 140-146, 2009.
A. Kawasaki and R. Watanabe, “Concept and P/M fabrication of functionally gradient materials,” Ceramic International,
vol. 23, pp. 73-83, 1997.
B. Kieback, A. Neubrand and H. Riedel, “Processing techniques for functionally graded materials,” Material Science
Engineering, vol. 362, pp. 81-106, 2003.
B. S. Gan, A. L. Han and M. M. A. Pratama, “The behavior of graded concrete, an experimental study,” Procedia
Engineering, vol. 125, pp. 885-891, 2015.
D. K. Jha, T. Kant and R. K. Singh, “A critical review of recent research on functionally graded plates,” Composite
Structures, vol. 96, pp. 833-849, 2013.
A. Hidayat, Purwanto, J. Puspowardojo and F. A. Aziz, “The influence of graded concrete strength on concrete element,”
th Euro Asia Civil Engineering Forum Conference (EACEF-5), Surabaya, Indonesia, 2015.
M. M. A. Pratama, “An experimental finite element approach to the behavior of graded concrete,” Master’s Thesis,
Magister of Civil Engineering, Diponegoro University, 2015.
A. Han, B. S. Gan and M. M. A. Pratama, “The influence of concrete compression strength gradation to the behavior of
an element,” Proceeding of International Multi-Conference on Engineering and Technology Innovation (IMETI),
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2015.
Code-type models for concrete behavior, FIB Bulletin 70, 2013.
N. S. Ottosen, “A failure criterion for concrete,” ASCE Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, vol. 103, no.
EM4, pp. 527-535, 1977.
K. Speck, “Beton unter mehraxialer beam spruchung-Ein material gesetz für Hochleistungs beton unter Kurzzeit
belastung,” Ph.D. dissertation, Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany, 2008.
H. G. Kwak and F. C. Filippou, “Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures under monotonic and cyclic
loads,” Proceeding of 10th World Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Madrid, Spain, 1992.
S. Tudjono, A. L. Han, and L. H. Hariwijaya, “Reinforced concrete finite element analysis incorporating material
nonlinearity and failure criteria aspects,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 284-287, pp. 1230-1234, 2012.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Notice
Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication. Authors can retain copyright in their articles with no restrictions. Also, author can post the final, peer-reviewed manuscript version (postprint) to any repository or website.
Since Jan. 01, 2019, IJETI will publish new articles with Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
The Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) License permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
.jpg)
