A Review of Control Techniques for Wind Energy Conversion System

Authors

  • Saibal Manna Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
  • Deepak Kumar Singh Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
  • Ashok Kumar Akella Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2023.9051

Keywords:

maximum power point tracking, pitch angle controller, grid side controller, wind energy conversion system, machine side controller

Abstract

Wind energy is the most efficient and advanced form of renewable energy (RE) in recent decades, and an effective controller is required to regulate the power generated by wind energy. This study provides an overview of state-of-the-art control strategies for wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Studies on the pitch angle controller, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, the machine side controller (MSC), and the grid side controller (GSC) are reviewed and discussed. Related works are analyzed, including evolution, software used, input and output parameters, specifications, merits, and limitations of different control techniques. The analysis shows that better performance can be obtained by the adaptive and soft-computing based pitch angle controller and MPPT controller, the field-oriented control for MSC, and the voltage-oriented control for GSC. This study provides an appropriate benchmark for further wind energy research.

References

R. Tiwari and N. R. Babu, “Recent Developments of Control Strategies for Wind Energy Conversion System,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 66, pp. 268-285, December 2016.

M. Valipour, “A Comprehensive Study on Irrigation Management in Asia and Oceania,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 1247-1271, 2015.

M. Valipour, “Future of Agricultural Water Management in Africa,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 907-927, 2015.

M. Valipour, “Drainage, Waterlogging, and Salinity,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 1625-1640, 2014.

M. Valipour, “Comparison of Surface Irrigation Simulation Models: Full Hydrodynamic, Zero Inertia, Kinematic Wave,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 68-74, 2012.

D. K. Singh, A. K. Akella, and S. Manna, “Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of Different Empirical Models to Estimate Monthly Mean Diffuse Solar Radiation for Composite Climatic Region of India,” Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, in press. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13917

Y. Kumar, J. Ringenberg, S. S. Depuru, V. K. Devabhaktuni, J. W. Lee, E. Nikolaidis, et al., “Wind Energy: Trends and Enabling Technologies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 53, pp. 209-224, January 2016.

S. Saravanan and N. R. Babu, “Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Photovoltaic System – A Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 57, pp. 192-204, May 2016.

E. Strantzali and K. Aravossis, “Decision Making in Renewable Energy Investments: A Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 55, pp. 885-898, March 2016.

H. Ibrahim, M. Ghandour, M. Dimitrova, A. Ilinca, and J. Perron, “Integration of Wind Energy into Electricity Systems: Technical Challenges and Actual Solutions,” Energy Procedia, vol. 6, pp. 815-824, April 2011.

L. Y. Pao and K. E. Johnson, “A Tutorial on the Dynamics and Control of Wind Turbines and Wind Farms,” American Control Conference, pp. 2076-2089, June 2009.

Z. Alnasir and M. Kazerani, “A Small-Scale Standalone Wind Energy Conversion System Featuring SCIG, CSI and a Novel Storage Integration Scheme,” Renewable Energy, vol. 89, pp. 360-370, April 2016.

S. Behera, S. K. Behera, and B. B. Pati, “Impact of DFIG in Wind Energy Conversion System for Grid Disturbances,” Proceeding of Engineering and Technology Innovation, vol. 13, pp. 10-19, September 2019.

A. M. Howlader and T. Senjyu, “A Comprehensive Review of Low Voltage Ride through Capability Strategies for the Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 56, pp. 643-658, April 2016.

D. Kumar and K. Chatterje, “A Review of Conventional and Advanced MPPT Algorithms for Wind Energy Systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 55, pp. 957-970, March 2016.

J. P. Ram, N. Rajasekar, and M. Miyatake, “Design and Overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques in Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Systems: A Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 73, pp. 1138-1159, June 2017.

E. J. N. Menezes, A. M. Araújo, and N. S. B. da Silva, “A Review on Wind Turbine Control and Its Associated Methods,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 174, pp. 945-953, February 2018.

O. Ozgener and L. Ozgener, “Exergy and Reliability Analysis of Wind Turbine Systems: A Case Study,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1811-1826, October 2007.

O. Ozgener, “A Small Wind Turbine System (SWTS) Application and Its Performance Analysis,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 47, no. 11-12, pp. 1326-1337, July 2006.

O. Baskut, O. Ozgener, and L. Ozgener, “Effects of Meteorological Variables on Exergetic Efficiency of Wind Turbine Power Plants,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 3237-3241, December 2010.

O. Baskut, O. Ozgener, and L. Ozgener, “Second Law Analysis of Wind Turbine Power Plants: Cesme, Izmir Example,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 2535-2542, May 2011.

S. Manna, A. K. Akella, and D. K. Singh, “A Novel MRAC-MPPT Scheme to Enhance Speed and Accuracy in PV Systems,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering, in press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-022-00542-0

S. M. Tripathi, A. N. Tiwari, and D. Singh, “Grid-Integrated Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A Technology Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 51, pp. 1288-1305, November 2015.

Y. E. Tous, “Pitch Angle Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbine,” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 118-120, June 2008.

B. Lu, Y. Li, X. Wu, and Z. Yang, “A Review of Recent Advances in Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis,” IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, article no. 5208325, June 2009.

E. Muljadi and C. P. Butterfield, “Pitch-Controlled Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 240-246, January-Febuary 2001.

W. Tong, Wind Power Generation and Wind Turbine Design, 1st ed., Boston: WIT Press, 2010.

X. X. Yin, Y. G. Lin, W. Li, Y. J. Gu, X. J. Wang, and P. F. Lei, “Design, Modeling and Implementation of a Novel Pitch Angle Control System for Wind Turbine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 81, pp. 599-608, September 2015.

Y. Kong and Z. Wang, “Modelling and Analysing the Hydraulic Variable-Pitch Mechanism for a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine,” Wind Engineering, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 341-352, October 2007.

M. H. Chiang, “A Novel Pitch Control System for a Wind Turbine Driven by a Variable-Speed Pump-Controlled Hydraulic Servo System,” Mechatronics, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 753-761, June 2011.

X. Yang, J. Li, W. Liu, and P. Guo, “Petri Net Model and Reliability Evaluation for Wind Turbine Hydraulic Variable Pitch Systems,” Energies, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 978-997, June 2011.

L. Chen, F. Shi, and R. Patton, “Active FTC for Hydraulic Pitch System for an Off-Shore Wind Turbine,” Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems (SysTol), pp. 510-515, October 2013.

H. Geng and G. Yang, “Linear and Nonlinear Schemes Applied to Pitch Control of Wind Turbines,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, article no. 406382, September 2014.

P. J. Tanver, J. P. Xiang, and F. Spinato, “Reliability Analysis for Wind Turbines,” Wind Energy, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-18, January/February 2007.

E. Hau and H. Renouard, “Wind-Turbines Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics,” IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 48-48, March-April 2003.

A. M. Knight and G. E. Peters, “Simple Wind Energy Controller for an Expanded Operating Range,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 459-466, June 2005.

W. J. Rugh and J. S. Shamma, “Research on Gain Scheduling,” Automatica, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1401-1425, October 2000.

J. Zhang, M. Cheng, Z. Chen, and X. Fu, “Pitch Angle Control for Variable Speed Wind Turbines,” Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, pp. 2691-2696, April 2008.

C. Jauch, S. M. Islam, P. Sørensen, and B. B. Jensen, “Design of a Wind Turbine Pitch Angle Controller for Power System Stabilisation,” Renewable Energy, vol. 32, no. 14, pp. 2334-2349, November 2007.

J. Wang, N. Tse, and Z. Gao, “Synthesis on PI-Based Pitch Controller of Large Wind Turbines Generator,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1288-1294, February 2011.

A. Hwas and R. Katebi, “Wind Turbine Control Using PI Pitch Angle Controller,” IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 241-246, 2012.

M. Qian, N. Chen, L. Zhao, D, Zhao, and L. Zhu, “A New Pitch Control Strategy for Variable-Speed Wind Generator,” IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, article no. 6303274, May 2012.

Y. Zhang, M. Cheng, and Z. Chen, “Load Mitigation of Unbalanced Wind Turbines Using PI-R Individual Pitch Control,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 262-271, April 2015.

S. Bouabdallah, A. Noth, and R. Siegwart, “PID vs LQ Control Techniques Applied to an Indoor Micro Quadrotor,” IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), vol. 3, pp. 2451-2456, September-October 2004.

B. Beltran, T. Ahmed-Ali, and M. E. H. Benbouzid, “High-Order Sliding-Mode Control of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 3314-3321, September 2009.

H. Geng and G. Yang, “Output Power Control for Variable-Speed Variable-Pitch Wind Generation Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 494-503, June 2010.

J. Laks, L. Pao, and A. Wright, “Combined Feed-Forward/Feedback Control of Wind Turbines to Reduce Blade Flap Bending Moments,” 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, article no. 6.2009-687, January 2009.

X. Yao, S. Liu, G. Shan, Z. Xing, C. Guo, and C. Yi, “LQG Controller for a Variable Speed Pitch Regulated Wind Turbine,” International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, vol. 2, pp. 210-213, August 2009.

S. Muller, M. Deicke, and R. W. De Doncker, “Doubly Fed Induction Generator Systems for Wind Turbines,” IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 26-33, May-June 2002.

M. J. Hossain, H. R. Pota, V. A. Ugrinovskii, and R. A. Ramos, “Simultaneous STATCOM and Pitch Angle Control for Improved LVRT Capability of Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 142-151, October 2010.

F. Dunne, L. Y. Pao, A. D. Wright, B. Jonkman, and N. Kelley, “Adding Feedforward Blade Pitch Control to Standard Feedback Controllers for Load Mitigation in Wind Turbines,” Mechatronics, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 682-690, June 2011.

M. Soliman, O. P. Malik, and D. T. Westwick, “Multiple Model Predictive Control for Wind Turbines with Doubly Fed Induction Generators,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 215-225, July 2011.

E. Iyasere, M. Salah, D. Dawson, J. Wagner, and E. Tatlicioglu, “Optimum Seeking-Based Non-Linear Controller to Maximise Energy Capture in a Variable Speed Wind Turbine,” IET Control Theory & Applications, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 526-532, March 2012.

H. M. Hassan, A. L. ElShafei, W. A. Farag, and M. S. Saad, “A Robust LMI-Based Pitch Controller for Large Wind Turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 44, pp. 63-71, August 2012.

A. Jain, G. Schildbach, L. Fagiano, and M. Morari, “On the Design and Tuning of Linear Model Predictive Control for Wind Turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 80, pp. 664-673, August 2015.

Y. Zhang, Z. Chen, W. Hu, and M. Cheng, “Flicker Mitigation by Individual Pitch Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines with DFIG,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 20-28, March 2014.

H. J. Asl and J. Yoon, “Power Capture Optimization of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Using an Output Feedback Controller,” Renewable Energy, vol. 86, pp. 517-525, February 2016.

H. Moradi and G. Vossoughi, “Robust Control of the Variable Speed Wind Turbines in the Presence of Uncertainties: A Comparison between H∞ and PID controllers,” Energy, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 1508-1521, October 2015.

R. Saravanakumar and D. Jena, “Validation of an Integral Sliding Mode Control for Optimal Control of a Three Blade Variable Speed Variable Pitch Wind Turbine,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 69, pp. 421-429, July 2015.

A. Lasheen, M. S. Saad, H. M. Emara, and A. L. Elshafei, “Robust Model Predictive Control for Collective Pitch in Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 8746-8751, July 2017.

A. Lasheen, M. Elnaggar, and H. Yassin, “Adaptive Control Design and Implementation for Collective Pitch in Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” ISA Transactions, vol. 102, pp. 251-263, July 2020.

X. Yin, W. Zhang, Z. Jiang, and L. Pan, “Adaptive Robust Integral Sliding Mode Pitch Angle Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Servo Pitch System for Wind Turbine,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 133, article no. 105704, November 2019.

L. Colombo, M. L. Corradini, G. Ippoliti, and G. Orlando, “Pitch Angle Control of a Wind Turbine Operating above the Rated Wind Speed: A Sliding Mode Control Approach,” ISA Transactions, vol. 96, pp. 95-102, January 2020.

Q. Yang, X. Jiao, Q. Luo, Q. Chen, and Y. Sun, “L1 Adaptive Pitch Angle Controller of Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” ISA Transactions, vol. 103, pp. 28-36, August 2020.

M. M. Khasraghi, M. A. G. Sefidkouhi, and M. Valipour, “Simulation of Open- and Closed-End Border Irrigation Systems Using SIRMOD,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 929-941, 2015.

M. Valipour, “Optimization of Neural Networks for Precipitation Analysis in a Humid Region to Detect Drought and Wet Year Alarms,” Meteorological Applications, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 91-100, January 2016.

M. Valipour, M. E. Banihabib, and S. M. R. Behbahani, “Comparison of the ARMA, ARIMA, and the Autoregressive Artificial Neural Network Models in Forecasting the Monthly Inflow of Dez Dam Reservoir,” Journal of Hydrology, vol. 476, pp. 433-441, January 2013.

M. Valipour, M. A. G. Sefidkouhi, and S. Eslamian, “Surface Irrigation Simulation Models: A Review,” International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 51-70, May 2015.

M. Valipour, “Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation System Design Using Tapered Pipes for Pressure Loss Adjusting,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 125-133, 2012.

A. S. Yilmaz and Z. Özer , “Pitch Angle Control in Wind Turbines above the Rated Wind Speed by Multi-Layer Perceptron and Radial Basis Function Neural Networks,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 9767-9775, August 2009.

R. M. Kamel, A. Chaouachi, and K. Nagasaka, “Enhancement of Micro-Grid Performance during Islanding Mode Using Storage Batteries and New Fuzzy Logic Pitch Angle Controller,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 2204-2216, May 2011.

M. A. Chowdhury, N. Hosseinzadeh, and W. X. Shen, “Smoothing Wind Power Fluctuations by Fuzzy Logic Pitch Angle Controller,” Renewable Energy, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 224-233, February 2011.

H. Jafarnejadsani, J. Pieper, and J. Ehlers, “Adaptive Control of a Variable-Speed Variable-Pitch Wind Turbine Using Radial-Basis Function Neural Network,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 2264-2272, November 2013.

R. M. Kamel, A. Chaouachi, and K. Nagasaka, “Three Control Strategies to Improve the Microgrid Transient Dynamic Response during Isolated Mode: A Comparative Study,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1314-1322, April 2013.

T. L. Van, T. H. Nguyen, and D. C. Lee, “Advanced Pitch Angle Control Based on Fuzzy Logic for Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 578-587, June 2015.

I. Villanueva, P. Ponce, and A. Molina, “Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Logic Controller for Rotor Voltage of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator and Pitch Angle of Wind Turbine Blades,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 2195-2202, 2015.

Z. Liu, F. Huo, S. Xiao, X. Zhang, S. Zhu, G. Ji, et al., “Individual Pitch Control of Wind Turbine Based on RBF Neural Network,” 35th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), pp. 5769-5773, July 2016.

A. Dahbi, N. Nait-Said, and M. S. Nait-Said, “A Novel Combined MPPT-Pitch Angle Control for Wide Range Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Neural Network,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, no. 22, pp. 9427-9442, June 2016.

E. K. E. Mjabber, A. ElHajjaji, and A. Khamlichi, “Analysis of a RBF Neural Network Based Controller for Pitch Angle of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 181, pp. 552-559, 2017.

R. Tiwari, N. R. Babu, and P. Sanjeevikumar, “Fuzzy Logic-Based Pitch Angle Controller for PMSG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System,” Advances in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, vol. 435, pp. 277-286, October 2017.

M. A. Abdullah, A. H. M. Yatim, C. W. Tan, and A. S. Samosir, “Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Wind Energy Conversion System,” IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon), pp. 65-70, December 2012.

T. Senjyu, R. Sakamoto, N. Urasaki,T. Funabashi, and H. Sekine, “Output Power Leveling of Wind Farm Using Pitch Angle Control with Fuzzy Neural Network,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, article no. 1709377, June 2006.

W. M. Lin, C. M. Hong, T. C. Ou, and T. M.Chiu, “Hybrid Intelligent Control of PMSG Wind Generation System Using Pitch Angle Control with RBFN,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1244-1251, February 2011.

W. Lin and C. M. Hong, “A New Elman Neural Network-Based Control Algorithm for Adjustable-Pitch Variable-Speed Wind-Energy Conversion Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 473-481, February 2011.

I. Poultangari, R. Shahnazi, and M. Sheikhan, “RBF Neural Network Based PI Pitch Controller for a Class of 5-MW Wind Turbines Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm,” ISA Transactions, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 641-648, September 2012.

A. H. M. A. Rahim and S. A. Raza, “A Differential Evolution Based Adaptive Neural Network Pitch Controller for a Doubly Fed Wind Turbine Generator System,” Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, no. 22, pp. 4271-4280, December 2013.

S. A.Taher, M. Farshadnia, and M. R. Mozdianfard, “Optimal Gain Scheduling Controller Design of a Pitch-Controlled VS-WECS Using DE Optimization Algorithm,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2215-2223, May 2013.

M. Q. Duong, F. Grimaccia, S. Leva, M. Mussetta, and E. Ogliari, “Pitch Angle Control Using Hybrid Controller for All Operating Regions of SCIG Wind Turbine System,” Renewable Energy, vol. 70, pp. 197-203, October 2014.

S. R. Mohanty, N. Kishor, and P. K. Ray, “Robust H-Infinite Loop Shaping Controller Based on Hybrid PSO and Harmonic Search for Frequency Regulation in Hybrid Distributed Generation System,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 60, pp. 302-316, September 2014.

A. Lasheen and A. L. Elshafei, “Wind-Turbine Collective-Pitch Control via a Fuzzy Predictive Algorithm,” Renewable Energy, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 298-306, March 2016.

A. Asgharnia, R. Shahnazi, and A. Jamali, “Performance and Robustness of Optimal Fractional Fuzzy PID Controllers for Pitch Control of a Wind Turbine Using Chaotic Optimization Algorithms,” ISA Transactions, vol. 79, pp. 27-44, August 2018.

D. Pathak and P. Gaur, “A Fractional Order Fuzzy-Proportional-Integral-Derivative Based Pitch Angle Controller for a Direct-Drive Wind Energy System,” Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 78, pp. 420-436, September 2019.

O. P. Mahela and A. GafoorShaik, “Comprehensive Overview of Grid Interfaced Wind Energy Generation Systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 57, pp. 260-281, May 2016.

W. M. Lin and C. M. Hon, “Intelligent Approach to Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Strategy for Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generation System,” Energy, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 2440-2447, June 2010.

H. Yokoyama, F. Tatsuta, and S. Nishikata, “Tip Speed Ratio Control of Wind Turbine Generating System Connected in Series,” International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, article no. 6073595, August 2011.

D. R. Song, J. Yang, Z. Cai, M. Dong, M. Su, and Y. Wang, “Wind Estimation with a Non-Standard Extended Kalman Filter and Its Application on Maximum Power Extraction for Variable Speed Wind Turbines,” Applied Energy, vol. 190, pp. 670-685, March 2017.

D. Song, J. Yang, M. Su, A. Liu, Y. Liu, and H. J. Young, “A Comparison Study between Two MPPT Control Methods for a Large Variable-Speed Wind Turbine under Different Wind Speed Characteristics,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 5, article no. 613, May 2017.

Y. Saidi, A. Mezouar, Y. Miloud, M. Yahiaoui, and M. A. Benmahdjoub, “Modeling and Adaptive Power Control-Designed Based on Tip Speed Ratio Method for Wind Turbines,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, vol. 2019, no. 6, pp. 40-46, 2019.

İ. Yazıcı and E. K. Yaylacı, “Improving Efficiency of the Tip Speed Ratio-MPPT Method for Wind Energy Systems by Using an Integral Sliding Mode Voltage Regulator,” Journal of Energy Resources Technology, vol. 140, no. 5, article no. 051203, May 2018.

M. Nasiri, J. Milimonfared, and S. H. Fathi, “Modeling, Analysis and Comparison of TSR and OTC Methods for MPPT and Power Smoothing in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Wind Turbines,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 86, pp. 892-900, October 2014.

S. Ganjefar, A. A. Ghassemi, and M. M. Ahmadi, “Improving Efficiency of Two-Type Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods of Tip-Speed Ratio and Optimum Torque in Wind Turbine System Using a Quantum Neural Network,” Energy, vol. 67, pp. 444-453, April 2014.

S. M. Barakati, “Modeling and Controller Design of a Wind Energy Conversion System Including a Matrix Converter,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, 2008.

S. M. Barakati, M. Kazerani, and J. D. Aplevich, “Maximum Power Tracking Control for a Wind Turbine System Including a Matrix Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 705-713, September 2009.

Q. Wang and L. Chang, “An Intelligent Maximum Power Extraction Algorithm for Inverter-Based Variable Speed Wind Turbine Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1242-1249, September 2004.

Y. Daili, J. P. Gaubert, and L. Rahmani, “Implementation of a New Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Strategy for Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems without Mechanical Sensors,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 97, pp. 298-306, June 2015.

R. M. Linus and P. Damodharan, “Maximum Power Point Tracking Method Using a Modified Perturb and Observe Algorithm for Grid Connected Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 682-689, August 2015.

Z. M. Dalala, Z. U. Zahid, and J. S. Lai, “New Overall Control Strategy for Small-Scale WECS in MPPT and Stall Regions with Mode Transfer Control,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1082-1092, December 2013.

A. Soetedjo, A. Lomi, and W. P. Mulayanto, “Modeling of Wind Energy System with MPPT Control,” International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, article no. 6021836, July 2011.

Z. M. Dalala, Z. U. Zahid, W. Yu, Y. Cho, and J. S. Lai, “Design and Analysis of an MPPT Technique for Small-Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 756-767, September 2013.

K. S. M. Raza, H. Goto, H. J. Guo, and O. Ichinokura, “A Novel Algorithm for Fast and Efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking of Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines, article no. 4800030, September 2008.

Y. Zhu, M. Cheng, W. Hua, and W. Wang, “A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Permanent Magnet Direct Drive Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” Energies, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1398-1412, May 2012.

H. H. H. Mousa, A. R. Youssef, and E. E. M. Mohamed, “Variable Step Size P&O MPPT Algorithm for Optimal Power Extraction of Multi-Phase PMSG Based Wind Generation System,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 108, pp. 218-231, June 2019.

A. R. Youssef, H. H. H. Mousa, and E. E. M. Mohamed, “Development of Self-Adaptive P&O MPPT Algorithm for Wind Generation Systems with Concentrated Search Area,” Renewable Energy, vol. 154, pp. 875-893, July 2020.

K. N. Yu and C. K. Liao, “Applying Novel Fractional Order Incremental Conductance Algorithm to Design and Study the Maximum Power Tracking of Small Wind Power Systems,” Journal of Applied Research and Technology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 238-244, April 2015.

S. H. Hosseini, A. Farakhor, and S. K. Haghighian, “Novel Algorithm of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for Variable Speed PMSG Wind Generation Systems through Model Predictive Control,” 8th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), pp. 243-247, November 2013.

M. A. Abdullah, A. H. M. Yatim, and C. W. Tan, “An Online Optimum-Relation-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Wind Energy Conversion System,” Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), article no. 6966524, September-October 2014.

R. Sitharthan, M. Karthikeyan, D. S. Sundar, and S. Rajasekaran, “Adaptive Hybrid Intelligent MPPT Controller to Approximate Effectual Wind Speed and Optimal Rotor Speed of Variable Speed Wind Turbine,” ISA Transactions, vol. 96, pp. 479-489, January 2020.

H. H. H. Mousa, A. R. Youssef, and E. E. M. Mohamed, “Hybrid and Adaptive Sectors P&O MPPT Algorithm Based Wind Generation System,” Renewable Energy, vol. 145, pp. 1412-1429, January 2020.

Z. Chen, S. A. Gomez, and M. McCormick, “A Fuzzy Logic Controlled Power Electronic System for Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” Eighth International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, pp. 114-119, September 2000.

A. Z. Mohamed, M. N. Eskander, and F. A. Ghali, “Fuzzy Logic Control Based Maximum Power Tracking of a Wind Energy System,” Renewable Energy, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 235-245, June 2001.

A. G. Abo-Khalil, D. C. Lee, and J. K. Seok, “Variable Speed Wind Power Generation System Based on Fuzzy Logic Control for Maximum Output Power Tracking,” IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 3, pp. 2039-2043, June 2004.

V. Galdi, A. Piccolo, and P. Siano, “Designing an Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for Maximum Wind Energy Extraction,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 559-569, June 2008.

K. Belmokhtar, M. L. Doumbia, and K. Agbossou, “Novel Fuzzy Logic Based Sensorless Maximum Power Point Tracking Strategy for Wind Turbine Systems Driven DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator),” Energy, vol. 76, pp. 679-693, November 2014.

R. Tiwari and N. R. Babu, “Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator in Wind Energy Conversion System,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 462-467, February 2016.

S. Heshmatian, A. Kazemi, M. Khosravi, and D. A. Khaburi, “Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT for a Wind Energy Conversion System Using Sliding Mode Control,” 8th Power Electronics, Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), pp. 335-340, February 2017.

A. A. Salem, N. A. N. Aldin, A. M. Azmy, and W. S. E. Abdellatif, “A Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT Technique for PMSG Wind Generation System,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research-IJRER, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1751-1760, December 2019.

H. Li, K. L. Shi, and P. G. McLaren, “Neural-Network-Based Sensorless Maximum Wind Energy Capture with Compensated Power Coefficient,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1548-1556, November-December 2005.

K. Ro and H. H. Choi, “Application of Neural Network Controller for Maximum Power Extraction of a Grid-Connected Wind Turbine System,” Electrical Engineering, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 45-53, November 2005.

M. Pucci and M. Cirrincione, “Neural MPPT Control of Wind Generators with Induction Machines without Speed Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 37-47, January 2011.

W. Qiao, W. Zhou, J. M. Aller, and R. G. Harley, “Wind Speed Estimation Based Sensorless Output Maximization Control for a Wind Turbine Driving a DFIG,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1156-1169, May 2008.

M. Cirrincione, M. Pucci, and G. Vitale, “Neural MPPT of Variable-Pitch Wind Generators with Induction Machines in a Wide Wind Speed Range,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 942-953, March-April 2013.

R. Kumar, H. P. Agrawal, A. Shah, and H. O. Bansal, “Maximum Power Point Tracking in Wind Energy Conversion System Using Radial Basis Function Based Neural Network Control Strategy,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 36, article no. 100533, December 2019.

A. Medjber, A. Guessoum, H. Belmili, and A. Mellit, “New Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Controllers to Monitor Maximum Power for Wind Energy Conversion System,” Energy, vol. 106, pp. 137-146, July 2016.

J. Hussain and M. K. Mishra, “Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Algorithm for Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 697-705, June 2016.

B. M. Wilamowski and J. D. Irwin, The Industrial Electronics Handbook: Power Electronics and Motor Drives, 2nd ed., UK: CRC Press, 2011.

N. Freire, J. Estima, and A. Cardoso, “A Comparative Analysis of PMSG Drives Based on Vector Control and Direct Control Techniques for Wind Turbine Applications,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, vol. 2012, no. 1a, pp. 184-187, 2012.

M. Allagui, O. B.k. Hasnaoui, J. Belhadj, “A 2MW Direct Drive Wind Turbine; Vector Control and Direct Torque Control Techniques Comparison,” Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 117-126, Jun 2014.

M. E. Emna, K. Adel, and M. F. Mimouni, “The Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG Controlled by Vector Control and SMC Strategies,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 3, no.1, pp. 41-50, March 2013.

S. R. Bowes, S. Grewal, and D. Holliday, “Novel Adaptive Hysteresis Band Modulation Strategy for Three-Phase Inverters,” IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 51-61, January 2001.

M. Merzoug and F. Naceri, “Comparison of Field-Oriented Control and Direct Torque Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM),” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Open Science Index 21, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 1797-1802, 2008.

S. Li, T. A. Haskew, R. P. Swatloski, and W. Gathings, “Optimal and Direct-Current Vector Control of Direct-Driven PMSG Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2325-2337, May 2012.

T. K. A. Brekken and N. Mohan, “Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generator under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 129-135, March 2007.

J. Dai, D. Xu, and B. Wu, “A Novel Control Scheme for Current-Source-Converter-Based PMSG Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 963-972, April 2009.

J. Dannehl, C. Wessels, and F. W. Fuchs, “Limitations of Voltage-Oriented PI Current Control of Grid-Connected PWM Rectifiers with LCL Filters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 380-388, February 2009.

V. Le, X. Li, Y. Li, T. L. T. Dong, and C. Le, “An Innovative Control Strategy to Improve the Fault Ride-Through Capability of DFIGs Based on Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” Energies, vol. 9, no. 2, article no. 69, February 2016.

M. J. Morshed and A. Fekih, “A New Fault Ride-Through Control for DFIG-Based Wind Energy Systems,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 146, pp. 258-269, May 2017.

M. A. S. Ali, K. K. Mehmood, S. Baloch, and C. H. Kim, “Modified Rotor-Side Converter Control Design for Improving the LVRT Capability of a DFIG-Based WECS,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 186, article no. 106403, September 2020.

C. R. Raghavendran, J. P. Roselyn, U. Sowmmiya, and D. Devaraj, “Effective Power Transfer and Reduced-Order Generalized Integrator Sequence Based Fault Ride Through Strategy in Grid Connected DFIG Based WECS,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 130, article no. 106809, September 2021.

D. M. Vilathgamuwa, X. Wang, C. J. Gajanayake, “Z-Source Converter Based Grid-Interface for Variable-Speed Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine Generators,” IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 4545-4550, June 2008.

B. Andresen and J. Birk, “A High Power Density Converter System for the Gamesa G10x 4,5 MW Wind Turbine,” European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, article no. 4417312, September 2007.

F. Z. Peng, “Z-Source Inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 504-510, March-April 2003.

X. D. T. Garcia, B. Zigmund, A. A. Terlizzi, R. Pavlanin, and L. Salvatore, “Comparison between FOC and DTC Strategies for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors,” Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 76-81, March-June 2006.

Downloads

Published

2023-01-01

How to Cite

[1]
Saibal Manna, Deepak Kumar Singh, and Ashok Kumar Akella, “A Review of Control Techniques for Wind Energy Conversion System”, Int. j. eng. technol. innov., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 40–69, Jan. 2023.

Issue

Section

Articles